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Promoting of Major Fish Varieties in Bangladesh: A Value Chain Analysis a power of fishries industry packed with more papers Physically browsing markets and use of telephone/mobile phone will be the common options for collecting marketplace information for a lot of value string actors. Fellow traders are usually a method to obtain market details for the worthiness chain celebrities except digesting plants. Digesting plant and LC paikers mainly rely upon email/internet to have market details

Md.

Ferdous Alam Research Fellow, Start of Gardening and Foodstuff Policy Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Md. Salauddin Palash Assistant Professor Section of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Farming University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Maryland. Idris Ali Mian Professor, Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural School, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Madan Mohan Dey

Professor, University of Arkansas for Pine Decide to bluff, USA November 2012 _____________________________________ A report published to Food and Farming Organization pertaining to the task entitled A Value-chain Research of Worldwide Fish Operate and Meals Security with an Impact Evaluation of the Modest Sector Promoting of Main Fish Kinds in Bangladesh: A Value Chain Analysis Table of Articles Section |Section title |Page | | |Glossary of terms |iv | | |Abbreviation |v | | |Weights, Measures and Sales |v | | |Local and Technological names with the species of seafood considered |v | | |Acknowledgements |vi | | |Executive Brief summary |vii | | 1 |Introduction ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |1 | | 2 |Statement of the Difficulty ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |2 | | three or more |Methodology ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |3 | | 4 |Results and Discussion ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |5 | | 4. 1 |Overview of fish marketing procedures ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |5 | | 4. you |Buying and selling ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |5 | | 4. doze |Grading ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |10 | | 4. 13 |Storage ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |11 | | 4. 18 |Transportation ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |11 | | 4. 12-15 |Financing ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |13 | | 4. six |Market Info ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |15 | | some. 17 |Packaging ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |16 | | some. 18 |Pricing ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |17 | |4. 2 |Fish Marketing Channels ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |17 | |4. 3 |Characteristics of Market Participants ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |21 | |4. some |Value addition costs simply by different stars ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |23 | |4. | Marketing Perimeter ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |28 | |4. 6th |Distribution valuable Addition Price and Net Profit ¦ ¦ ¦ |32 | |4. several |Intermediaries Discuss to Customers’ Taka ¦ ¦ ¦ |33 | | five |Conclusion ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |34 | | |References ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ , ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |39 | List of Furniture Table |Title of dining tables |Page | |1 |Distribution of selections from different areas ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |5 | |2 |Percent of tilapia fish made by worth chain actors ¦ ¦ ¦ |6 | |3 |Percent of Rohu fish transacted simply by value chain actors ¦ ¦ ¦ |6 | |4 |Percent of Catla fish transacted by worth chain actors ¦ ¦ ¦ |7 | |5 |Percent of Pangas seafood transacted by simply value sequence actors ¦ ¦ ¦ |8 | |6 |Percent of hilsha fish transacted by worth chain celebrities ¦ ¦ ¦ |8 | |7 |Percent of shrimp made by worth chain actors ¦ ¦ ¦ |9 | |8 |Sources of finance of major carps, pangas, and tilapia seafood |14 | | |Farmers and intermediaries ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ | |9 |Sources of finance of hilsha fish Farmers and intermediaries ¦ ¦ |14 | |10 |Sources of finance of shrimp maqui berry farmers and intermediaries ¦ ¦ ¦ |15 | |11 |Sources of market details for Maqui berry farmers and intermediaries ¦ ¦ |15 | |12 |Pricing methods used in selling seafood in Bangladesh ¦ ¦ ¦ |17 | |13 |Total advertising cost of distinct intermediaries associated with major carps, pangs and tilapia marketing | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |24 | |14 |Total marketing cost of diverse intermediaries associated with hilsha marketing | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |25 | |15 |Total advertising cost of distinct intermediaries associated with shrimp marketing¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ | | | | |27 | |15 |Total promoting cost of diverse intermediaries involved with shrimp promoting (continued) | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |27 | |16 |Marketing margin of Aratdar included in major carps, pangs and tilapia marketing | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |29 | |17 |Marketing perimeter of Inter-district Paiker affiliated with Pangas fish marketing | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |30 | |18 |Marketing margin of Paiker affiliated with major carps, pangas and Tilapia promoting | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |30 | |19 |Marketing margin of Retailer involved with key carps, pangas and tilapia marketing | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ 30 | |20 |Average net advertising margin of various intermediaries for major carps, pangas and tilapia seafood | | | |marketing in Bangladesh ¦ ¦ ¦ |31 | |21 |Average net marketing margins of different intermediaries involved with hilsha fish advertising | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |31 | |22 |Average net marketing margin of different intermediaries involved with shrimp marketing in Bangladesh | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |32 | |23 |Percentage distribution of value addition expense and gain intermediaries and fish advertising system| | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |33 | |24 |Share of intermediaries to in card holder’s Taka relating to circulation channel ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |34 | List of Figures Figure |Title of numbers |Page | |1 |Mode of transport used by maqui berry farmers and intermediaries for motion of key carps, pangs and tilapia | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |11 | |2 |Mode of transport employed by farmers and intermediaries intended for movement of Shrimp ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |12 | |3 |Mode of travel used by farmers and intermediaries for movements of Hilsha ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ | | | |¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |13 | |4 |Value chains of major carps, pangs and tilapia | | | |in Bangladesh ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |18 | |5 |Value restaurants of hilsha in Bangladesh ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |19 | |6 |Value chains of shrimp in Bangladesh ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |20 | |7 |Components of costs for carps, pangs and tilapia ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |26 | |8 |Components of costs to get Hilsha ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |26 | |9 |Components of costs for Shrimp ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |26 | List of Packing containers Box |Title of Packing containers |Page | |1 |Grading practices of various species of fish ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |10 | |2 |Packaging techniques of seafood marketing in Bangladesh ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ |16 | Glossary of Conditions |Arat |Generally an office, a shop, or a storage place in a market place from which an Aratdar conducts his | | |business | |Aratdar |Main actor or actress in the seafood distribution program.

The authors wish to say thanks to the Food and Agriculture Business (FAO) from the United Nations and Norwegian Firm for International Development (NORAD) for the technical rendering and funding respectively of the project eligible “A Value-chain Analysis of International Fish Trade and Food Security with a direct effect Assessment from the Small-scale Sector. We are as well grateful to Dr . Audun Lem, Mature Fishery Sector Officer, Policy and Economics Division, The fishing industry and Aquaculture Department of FAO, Rome, for rendering overall administrative support in conducting the project activities. The authors express sincere gratitude to Mentor Dr .

Trond Bjorndal, Representative, CEMARE, the University of Portsmouth, UK for his keen interest in this worth chain paper. His crucial comments and professional ideas have been very helpful in managing the newspaper. Prof. Dr . Daniel V Gordon of the University of Calgary, Canada deserves understanding for his suggestions and comments throughout the value string study workshop held in The japanese, which helped the writers to organize the paper. The authors communicate sincere understanding to the graduate students of the Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Countryside Sociology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, intended for conducting the field research in various seafood markets.

The opinions of the participating associates of the focused group debate conducted in Khulna have already been highly important and the experts thank all of them for their input. The different fish market intermediaries, who by sacrificing their valuable period, participated inside the survey can also be highly valued. Finally, the first publisher expresses profound sense of gratitude for the Institute of Agricultural and Food Plan Studies plus the Universiti Putra Malaysia for approving him to be involved with this task. Executive Brief summary Background in the project Foodstuff and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is employing a research job entitled a value-chain examination of worldwide fish control and foodstuff security with an impact examination of the minor sector while using financial support of NORAD.

The objective of the project should be to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of vital value-chains in international fish trade and arrive at coverage recommendations. The project is aimed at analyzing the distribution of advantages in the value-chain and the cordons between the relative benefits attained as well as the type of the cycle. The project also is aimed at making side by side comparisons between household, regional and international value-chains with the perspective to understand better how producing countries can easily increase the worth derived from all their fishery methods. Twelve countries (10 developing and two developed countries) are playing this job including Bangladesh. This report is based on the cross section component of the worthiness chain research of Bangladesh fish advertising. Objectives of the study

The research addresses the general fish marketing system of Bangladesh with particular emphasis for the extent valuable addition during the process of marketing of rohu, catla, pangas, tilapia, hilsha and shrimp. The actual objectives with the study in order to: i) recognize different marketing channels and intermediaries included therein and the roles in fish promoting, ii) decide the magnitude of value addition in terms of costs in successive stages of fish movement, and iii) determine marketing margins from the intermediaries. A related, complementary study handles price tranny mechanism around seafood benefit chain in the country (Sapkota-Bastola et al. 2012) Location of study and data

The research is done in i) Trishal, Bhaluka and Muktagaca upazila (sub-district) under Mymensingh district of north-central Bangladesh, ii) Dupchacia sub-district under Bogra area of upper Bangladesh, iii) Dumuria sub-district under Khulna district of southern Bangladesh, iv) Sadar sub-district of Chandpur district of south-central Bangladesh, and v) Jatrabari area of Dhaka district. A mix of participatory, qualitative and quantitative methods is utilized for main data collection. Total sample size of the research is two hundred comprising of 35 Maqui berry farmers, 75 brokers and advertising agents, 5 depot owner, 2 processing plants and 73 retailers. Value chains (marketing channel) The greatest supply chain involves half a dozen intermediaries intended for live Pangas (fish farmer, nikari, paiker, aratdar, retailer and consumer).

Two source chains identified for carps and tilapia involve five intermediaries (fish farmer, aratdar, paiker, store and consumer) and some intermediaries (fish farmer, aratdar, retailer and consumer) respectively. Supply chain of hilsha comprises of six intermediaries, namely fishermen, aratdar, paiker, aratdar, retailer and consumer intended for the far away domestic industry. Two various other identified stations for hilsha marketing require respectively five intermediaries (fishermen, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumer) and 4 intermediaries (fishermen, aratdar, dealer and consumer) for the local markets. The overseas hilsha marketing funnel involves several intermediaries specifically, fishermen, aratdar, LC paiker and abroad consumers.

Household supply restaurants for prawn marketing involve four intermediaries (shrimp player, aratdar, suppliers and consumer) for local market and five intermediaries (shrimp maqui berry farmers, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumers) for distant markets. Three international supply organizations are identified for shrimp marketing. The involved intermediaries are at many six, particularly, shrimp player, aratdar, bepari, account holder, processing herb and overseas consumer. Attributes of intermediaries Fish maqui berry farmers and fishermen are the initially link in the fish advertising channels. These are the supplier of fish for the market. Nikari (informer) is known as a middleman who not have the ownership from the product nevertheless establishes a bridge between buyers and sellers and receive commission from player @0. 60 Taka/kg in the study areas in case of main carps.

Faria, another type of intermediary, is found in hilsha marketing program who buys a small volume of fish kind fishermen far away from the industry and carry it to the airport terminal point promote it to aratdar or perhaps retailer in the study areas. Paiker or perhaps bepari grips large amount of fish. They will purchase use fish maqui berry farmers at farm building or through aratdar from your market then sell them to the retailers through aratdar or commission agent in secondary market. LC paiker (licensed trader/exporter) order hilsha use fishermen through aratdar then sell (export) their particular entire item to international market. Aratdars negotiate sales of fish on behalf of the producers/ seller. Aratdars set up selling of fish through an auctioning system and get a commission. Aratdars often act as a dealer of dadan.

Shrimp depot owners would be the permanent shopkeepers having their own premises and staffs in markets and act as the middle functionary between farmers and commission real estate agents. Their shops (establishments) are ‘Depot’. This group of investors mostly gives dadon , cash as loans to farmers, in substitution for buying the shrimp at a pre-fixed selling price, which may be very well below the market level. Account holders act as the commission agent and make up the major profit making actors in the shrimp value chain. They financial paikers and farmers and give credit towards the processing crops. Retailers, the very last intermediaries of fish marketing channel, do not have any long term establishment however they have set places to sit in the market places or wandering with hari (aluminium pot) on head by door to door. Investing

Farmers (producers) sell 5-12% of rohu, catla, and tilapia straight to paikers and 85-95% is usually passed on to aratdar and subsequently acquired by paiker. Only a small portion is sold directly to retailers. To get pangas, farmers sell 54% to paiker directly, 46% indirectly to paiker by means of aratdar and only 3% to retailers. Hilsha shows a different sort of picture in which fishers promote 16% to faria straight. Most intermediaries purchase fish from aratdars. In the study, 24% goes to faria, 16% to paikar, 12% to LC paiker and 32 % to merchants via aratdars. For prawn, major section (65%) is sold to bepari and paiker through aratdar. Depot owner is also an important party for the maqui berry farmers to sell shrimp. Paikars and retailers transact (buy and sell) most of the traded fish through aratdars.

Thus aratdar is the most important intermediary in the seafood marketing organizations and is only involved in settling sales on behalf of the retailers on a commission payment basis. On the whole, farmer/fisher, aratdar, paiker, and retailers are the important intermediaries playing distinctive role inside the marketing of fish. Members are intermediaries and run in the prawn supply string. They become the commission payment agent and constitute the main profit making actor inside the shrimp worth chain. Members play a tremendous role in shrimp advertising. Marketing features Grading Grading is an important activity in fish marketing since different sizes of fish retrieve different rates.

Grading facilitates buying and selling of fish. Many fish happen to be graded on such basis as size (weight). However , in the matter of hilsha, location (source of capture/catch) is additionally a factor in the grading treatment. Hilsha harvested from riv (river Padma) and by sea (called fishes by Nama’s) in many cases are differentiated in terms of their prices. Usually, hilsha caught by Padma river fetch higher price. Fish are rated into 3 categories specifically, small , method and large depending on size (weight). However , weight loads across kinds vary based on species rated. Shrimp contains a different grading system than fish. Right here grading is founded on number of pieces forming one particular kg. Storaging

The storage area function is usually primarily worried about making goods available at the specified time. That enables traders to obtain better prices for products. As being a highly perishable commodity, fish requires really specialized storage area facilities matching the in season demand. Inside the shrimp industry, only the processing plants make use of proper storage space systems to become able to export to the community market. Other intermediaries use only ice to handle fishes from a single place to another. Surprisingly, not any refrigerated van is used in Bangladesh to handle fish. Live pangas is definitely transported from place to an additional place using water in the plastic percussion. Transporting

Seafood farmers and intermediaries make use of various settings of vehicles such as truck, rickshaw, pick up truck, passenger shuttle bus, pickup, Nasimon (locally produced pick-up type van for carrying passengers and goods), head load and so forth, to transfer products from the producing areas to the usage centres. Snow is used when transporting the fish because so many carriers are non-refrigerated. Rohu, catla, hilsha and other various fish frequently are sold inside the urban areas with refrigerated vehicles to a limited scale by the DoF, BFDC and some exclusive firms. Loans Most of the seafood farmers/ anglers, aratdars, paikers and are self-financed. Other sources of finance intended for the maqui berry farmers are financial institutions, friends and relatives, and dadon. Aratdars and paikars also steal banks, NGOs, and close friends and family.

However , financing of hilsha fishermen arrive totally via aratdar/mahajon (who provides dadan). Fishermen receiving dadon via aratdars/mohajans will be bound to sell their create to them, sometimes at predetermined rates, which in most cases are lower than prevailing market prices. Player, aratdar, bepari and retailer involved in shrimp transaction are self-financed. Lager owners make use of a combination of very own fund, bank, NGO and aratdars pertaining to shrimp financing. Paikers work with dadon from aratdars besides their own account to run their particular business. Members partly and processing flower owners mostly depend on loans from banks to increase the business functions. Market information

Physically browsing markets and use of telephone/mobile phone will be the common sources of collecting marketplace information for a lot of value cycle actors. Fellow traders are also a method to obtain market information for the significance chain stars except digesting plants. Digesting plant and LC paikers mainly be based upon email/internet to get market data. Packaging ‘Bamboo, tied with rope and polythene can be used by farmers, paikers and retailers of major carps, pangas and tilapia fish for packaging. Real estate agents also use plastic material drum to hold fish (mostly pangas) in live contact form. Now a day’s ‘plastic crate’ is usually used by all types of intermediaries in Bangladesh. Steel and wooden’ box are being used in hilsha fish promoting by paikers, beparis and LC paikers. ‘Box’ made from cork piece is traditionally used by Members and digesting plant owners in prawn marketing and LC paikers in hilsha seafood marketing. Costs Depot owner, bepari and account holder of shrimp marketing string follow prefixed prices established by the processing plants. Character, aratdar, paiker, LC paiker, and processing plants practice open bargaining, auction and going industry prices method for fixing selling price of their products in different degree. Stores follow wide open bargain intended for selling their very own fish to consumers. Worth addition Benefit is added when goods pass diverse stages and move from a single intermediary to another.

The different cost components necessary for successive activity of fish are vehicles, basket presentation, icing, pay and incomes, aratdar’s commission payment, house hire, security, electrical energy, telephone, personal expenses, tips-donation, wastage, dadon cost, federal government taxation, membership for cooperatives (for hilsha), export packaging (shrimp). Total value added price per maund (40 kg) is Taka 953. 13 for carps, pangas and tilapia, Taka 3707 intended for hilsha and Taka 5036 for prawn. For carps, pangas and tilapia. The best three price components are transportation, aratdar’s commission, and icing. To get hilsha, the charge items are aratdar’s commission, travel, and bag (packaging). For shrimp, the top three expense additions will be aratdar’s commission payment, transportation, and salaries to get shrimp. Marketing margin

Net marketing margins per maund of carp, pangas and tilapia intended for farmers, aratdars, inter-district paikers, paikers and retailers will be Tk3257, Taka 54, Taka 194, Taka 337 and Taka 633 respectively. The internet margins of hilsha happen to be Taka 297 for aratdars, Taka 228 for inter-district paikers, Taka 902 intended for LC paiker, Taka 520 for paiker and Taka 1223 for retailers. Farmer’s net advertising margin per maund of shrimp is usually Taka 20366 followed by digesting plant (Taka 1650), retailer (Taka 1524), paiker (Taka 1417), depot owners (Taka 1006), bepari (Taka 720) and aratdar (Taka 201). Retailers take advantage of the lion’s share of the total marketing perimeter. Distribution valuable addition expense and profit For key carp, pangas and tilapia, major price and income are borne by paikers (32. goal % with the total cost) and suppliers (51. eight % of the total net profit). Intended for hilsha and shrimp advertising, major costs are incurred by inter district beparis, LC paikers, paikers and fishermen although major net profits happen to be reaped simply by retailers and processing flower owners. Farmers in prawn marketing endure the major advertising cost (23. 70 % of total cost) because they need to pay the aratdar’s percentage. Farmers’ talk about of customer Taka Farmers’ share with the consumers rates for different fishes seem to be affordable except for hilsha fish. Farmer received 67%, 72% and 76% share of the consumer’s Taka pertaining to major carp-pangas-tilapia, shrimp (overseas value chain) and shrimp(domestic value chain) respectively.

Yet , for hilsha, the major reveal (46%) of consumer Taka goes to mahajon, and fishermen receive simply 31%. Value spread every kg runs from Taka 39. 83 to Taka 177. 50. Conclusions and recommendations The analysis reveals the value string of main carps, pangas, tilapia, hilsha and prawn are very long and very complicated. Fish goes to a number of channels from the producing centers. Fish bought from a particular marketplace may begin through more than one channel. You will discover involvements of numerous intermediaries in the channel. Participation of a lot of intermediaries appears to be redundant in whose presence merely adds an expense to the consumer and a loss to the fisher.

Fish purchased by simply consumers in Bangladesh generally consists of the primary product and does include limited marketing companies. nonexistence of good road and transport systems with the clinching (assembling) centers deprive modest artisanal riverine fishers to get good price due to their inability to market directly to the assembling points/landing centers Contact fish farming arranged simply by some super stores often reduce the living of quantity of intermediaries producing the channel shorter. Bulk of the fish sold in the financial markets is unprocessed. An growing new happening in fish marketing in Bangladesh is a availability of seafood in extremely markets, who also are becoming increasingly important stores.

Beparies and paikers carry the most expense of marketing when retailers take advantage of the lion’s talk about of the revenue. Farmers obtain relatively larger share (approximately 70%) from the retail value for all species under research except for hilsha. Though seafood marketing in Bangladesh is beset which has a number of concerns, there have been numerous positive improvements that are supposed to improve seafood marketing environment in the country. These positive individuals include, i) the switch from subsistence to industrial fish farming, ii) beginning of super-markets, and iii) a changing social attitude towards fish marketing, since it is increasingly considered as a fewer dishonourable work as was thought during the past.

Although non-public bodies control the most of fish advertising, for better fish promoting, government also need to play effective role in providing physical facilities like refrigerated storage, refrigerated vehicles, good industry places with related features like water, ice, electrical power, drainage services and sitting down arrangements etc . Development of street networks is definitely greatly needed, which is a responsibility of the federal government. Monitoring should be done to ensure that market polices are always be strictly used. 1 . Advantages Large number of several types of water bodies both away from the coast and sea makes Bangladesh one of the most appropriate countries of the world for freshwater aquaculture. The freshwater inland aquaculture development in Bangladesh is the second highest in the world after China and tiawan (FAO, 2009).

The total gross annual fish production is approximated at 2 . 90 , 000, 000 tonnes in 2009-10 (Bangladesh fiscal season: 1 July-30 June), of which 1 . thirty-five million considérations (46. 62%) are from inland aquaculture, 1 . 02 million tonnes (35. 53%) from away from the coast capture the fishing industry, and 0. 52 million tonnes (17. 85%) coming from marine the fishing industry (DoF, 2010). The main creation systems for freshwater aquaculture in Bangladesh are extensive and semi-intensive pond poly-culture of Of india major carps and amazing carps, which account for many of these of the total freshwater aquaculture production. The 20% are mostly from catfish, tilapia, small indigenous seafood and rice-fish farming (ADB, 2005). Presently, 1 . , 000, 000 people are employed full time and 12 mil as in your free time in the fishing industry sector in the area for livelihood and control. Another three or more. 08 , 000, 000 fish and shrimp maqui berry farmers are cultivating fish the two at subsistence and industrial level (Shah and Ahmed, 2006). In Bangladesh, seafood farming happens to be one of the most significant sectors of the national overall economy. Within the total agro-based economic system of the region, the contribution of seafood production has been considered to keep good assurance for creating careers, earning foreign exchange and providing protein. About 97% from the inland fish production can be marketed internally for household consumption as the remaining 3% is exported (Hasan, 2001).

A large number of people, many of to whom living below the poverty collection, find career in the home fish marketing chain by means of farmers, cpus, traders, intermediaries, day employees and transporters (Ahmed et al. 1993, Islam, mil novecentos e noventa e seis, DFID, 1997, Kleih, 2001a? 2001b). Usually, people of Bangladesh like to eat clean fish. Nevertheless , chilled and dried seafood are also promoted currently in big amounts in the towns and urban centers. Utilization and marketing division of fish is around 70 % fresh seafood, 25% dried up, and the other styles of locally processed fish include fermented products and iced products (Islam et al. 2006). The export market of value added products is highly competitive, involving changes in type of products, forms and presentation as well as buyer behavior.

Foreign trade of fish, shrimp and also other fishery items were considered as non-conventional products before the freedom of the region. It has improved many-folds over the last decades as well as the country can be earning forex trading to minimize the trade difference. In this case the dried seaside and sea fish, the marine finfish and patient even aside from fish, could be on the top of the list of export earning products (Kamal, 1994). Bangladesh released fish and fisheries items worth Taka 32, 106 million in 2009-10 which frozen fish and prawn shared much more than 90% of the total exports of the fishery products and gained 3. seven percent of total export profits of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Lender, 2011).

As fish development in Bangladesh is elevating over the years, its disposal routine is very important because growers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers- all are affected because of value addition in the promoting process. For the durability of these stakeholders, fish advertising studies are extremely necessary. As a result, the present analyze is conducted to examine the fish promoting system, source chain and value conjunction with determine the pulling elements for improving production, digesting and advertising of different species of fishes in Bangladesh. 2 . Statement from the Problem The value chain identifies the full variety of activities that are required to provide a product or perhaps service via conception, throughout the different stages of development and delivery to final consumers (Porter, 1980, Kapilinsky and Morris, 2000).

Value-chain analysis looks at every step a business undergoes, from raw materials to the eventual end-user. The goal is always to deliver maximum value pertaining to the least possible total cost (Investopedia, 2011). Market cycle analysis should provide information on profitability for the many agents over the market cycle (Ferris ou al., 2001). Economic worth chain research describes the number of activities required to provide a product to the final buyer and, when it comes to international goods, the degree to which intermediaries/agents gain coming from participating in the chain (Jacinto, 2004). A traditional food market value sequence consists of the producer, processor, wholesaler, exporter, importer, retailer and customer.

There are largely three units of reasons why value cycle analysis is very important (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000). These are: i) with the growing division of work and the global dispersion in the production of components, methodical competitiveness is becoming increasingly important, ii) performance in development is only a necessary condition to get successfully penetrating global market segments, and iii) entry in to global marketplaces which allows pertaining to sustained profits growth , that is, making the best of globalilsation- requires an understanding of dynamic factors within the entire value chain. Fish can be described as highly perishable commodity as well as quality deteriorates very rapidly.

Therefore , their quality cannot be kept not affected for human being consumption for some time. Production and consumption areas are also broadly separated. Buyers of this country normally just like indigenous carps, shrimp, catfish and other tiny species as food seafood. Production of cultured seafood can be elevated by making ideal utilization of the current inland resources through contemporary and medical methods of seafood culture and fishing tactics. But the greatest consumers need to depend on an efficient marketing system to be able to order fish in reasonable prices. Similarly, successful and sustainable seafood culture as well depends on an effective distribution system.

Analysis valuable chains needs detailed micro-level data, which are not available in Bangladesh and are also often hard to obtain in many countries. The current study takes the initial steps to gather primary data and to determine the marketing channels and value addition of tilapia, pangas, rohu, catla, prawn and hilsha in Bangladesh. This examine analyzes just how market intermediaries operate along seafood worth chains, and demonstrates the way the revenue by seafood trade is allocated over the entire seafood benefit chain. This report also provides information about aquaculture/fisheries goods in Bangladesh to support the statistical statement linking the value chain in fish supply.

Finally, this study is expected to offer some beneficial information to traders, seafood farmers and policy makers to help them produce programmes and policies associated with the concerned fish development and advertising. A related, complementary analyze (Sapkota-Bastola et al. 2012) provides an complex analysis with the linkage among various portions in the sea food value stores in the country. The report is organized in 5 sections. Following introduction in the first section and problem statement in the second section, the third section gives methodology followed in the research. Results and discussions happen to be discussed in section some. Concluding feedback and long term fisheries value chains are offered in section 5. 3. Methodology

The study was done in i) Trishal, Bhaluka and Muktagaca sub-districts under Mymensingh area of north-central Bangladesh, ii) Dupchacia sub-district under Bogra district of northern Bangladesh, iii) Dumuria sub-district beneath Khulna district of southern Bangladesh, iv) Sadar sub-districts of Chandpur district of south-central Bangladesh and v) Jatrabari part of Dhaka district. These areas have been recognized as the most important sources for pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus), rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla Catla), tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) and shrimp/prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus monodon, and Litopenaeus vannamei). Major data were collected via fish marketplace agents of Trishal, Valuka, Muktagaca and Mechua Transaction of Mymensingh district, Dupchacia and Fate Ali Bazar of Bogra district, Kharnia, Dumuria, Rupsha, 5-No. head wear and Moylapota Bazar of Khulna district, Station, Buddie Bazar and Biponibag of Chandpur district and Jatrabari, Shanir Akhra, Ajompur and Abdullahpur Transaction of Dhaka district pertaining to the study. Surveys were done for a period of three months via November 2010 to January 2011. These kinds of surveys involved the inspection of the examine areas regarding fish distribution and advertising systems. A combination of participatory, qualitative and quantitative methods utilized for primary data collection. A total of 4 Focus Group Debate (FGD) classes were carried out with stars involved in fish distribution channel (1 FGD in every area). Stand 1 reveals the test intermediaries by different examine areas. In this study, calculated sampling approach was used for selecting the test. Total test size of the research was 200.

The interview schedules had been prepared in line with the need of the objectives from the study. In order to collect data, one set of interview schedule for any actors linked to value addition process was prepared. The draft interview schedule was pre-tested between a few respondents by the investigator themselves. With this pre-testing much attention was handed to generate new data which was actually not created to be asked and completed the draft interview schedules. Thus, several parts of draft schedules were improved, rearranged and revised in the lumination of the real experiences attained from the discipline tests. Then a final interview schedules were prepared depending on the result of the pre-test.

After the collection of data they were looked at and thoroughly edited to get rid of possible problems and incongruencies contained in the activities while saving them. The first step was to look into the data of each and every interview schedule to ensure consistency and stability with the aims and goals of the analyze. After completing the pre-tabulation process, they were transferred to an Exceed sheet from the interview schedules. In this research tabular technique was implemented to illustrate the whole scenarios of seafood marketing. The sum, suggest, averages, percentages, gross costs and margins etc . are the simple statistical measures used to examine the significance chain evaluation of different types of fishes. Stand 1 . Syndication of examples from different areas |Study Location and fish species | | | | | | | |Respondents | | | |Mymensingh |Bogra |Dhaka |Chandpur |Khulna | | | |Pangas/ |Pangas/ |Pangas/ |Hilsha |Hilsha |Shrimp |Total | | |tilapia/ rohu/ catla|tilapia/ rohu/|tilapia/ rohu/ | | | | | | | | |catla/ hilsha | | | | | | | |catla | | | | | | |Farmer |10 |5 | |5 |5 |10 |35 | |Paiker |15 |4 |3 | |10 |3 |35 | |Total |56 |29 |25 |20 |29 |41 |200 | 4.

Results and Discussion some. 1 Overview of fish advertising practices some. 11 Selling and buying Fish marketing practices in Bangladesh is a combination of several functions or perhaps services which have been performed simply by several institutions and market participants just like marketing providers, brokers, bulk suppliers, retailer, exporter and maker in order to transfer the products from farm-gate to the ultimate buyers both at home and overseas. Marketing system may be looked at as the linking link among specialized manufacturers and consumers (Kohls, 2005). An efficient marketing system is important for earning good profit intended for the fish farmers and traders.

Marketing functions could possibly be defined as key specialized actions performed in accomplishing the marketing means of concentration, equalization and dispersion (Kohls, 2005). In the analyze areas, the complete marketing of fish have been broken down in various features such as selling and buying, transportation, grading, storaging, weighing, financing, industry information and pricing. The activities involved in the copy of goods are completed through buying and selling functions. Aratdars do the functions of negotiation among buyers and sellers of fish and help them by their own business premises on receipt of commission. They just do not take the ownership of the products.

Tilapia seafood farmers sell 85% of their fish to paiker through aratdar, 12% to paiker directly as well as the final 3% to retailer. Paikers offer 77% of their fishes to retailers and 23% to retailers through aratdars. Merchants sell the entire fish to ultimate consumers. Paiker of tilapia fish purchases 92% from farmers through aratdar and 8% directly from maqui berry farmers. Retailer acquisitions 89 % from farmers through aratdar and 11% from maqui berry farmers. Consumer buys 100% of tilapia from your retailers inside the study location (Table 2). Table installment payments on your Percent of tilapia fish transacted simply by value chain actors | |Purchase from (%) |Sold to (%) | |Value chain actor| | | |Farmer | |Paiker |8 |92 | | |Farmer | |Paiker |8 |92 | |Value chain actor|Farmer | |Paiker |11 |89 | | |Farmer | |Paiker |50 |50 | | |Fisher men | |Faria |100 |- |- |- |- | |Retailer |- | | |Farmer |Faria |Farmer via Aratdar|Bepari |Depot owner |AC Holder |Retailer | |Faria |100 |- |- |- |- |- |- | |Depot owner |40 |20 |40 |- |- |- |- | |Paiker |- |- |100 |- |- |- |- | |Bepari |- |- |100 |- |- |- |- | |A/C Holder |30 |- |- |50 |20 |- |- | |Processing plant |- |- |- |- |- |- |- | |Retailer |- |- |20 |80 |- |- |- | |Consumer |- |- |- |- |- |- |100 | Source: Field review, 2010. Desk 7. Percent of shrimp/prawn transacted simply by value chain actors (Cont¦. | |Sold to (%) | |Value chain |Faria |Retailer by way of Aratdar | |actor | | | |Rohu |Weight |Large: installment payments on your 5 kilogram above, Method: 1 . 0 kg to 2 . 5 kg, Tiny: Less than 1 kg | |Catla |Weight |Large: several. 0 kilogram above, Method: 1 . 5 kg to three kg, Small: Less than 1 . 5 kilogram | |Tilapia |Weight |Large: 300 gm above, Channel: 150 gm to 300 gm, Little: Less than one hundred and fifty gm | |Pangas |Weight |Large: 1 . 5 kg above, Channel: 1 kilogram to 1. kilogram, Small: Lower than 1 kg | |Shrimp |Weight |Golda: U-5, 6/8, 8/12, 13/15, 16/20, 21/25, 26/30 | | | |Bagda: 8/12, 13/15, 16/20, 21/25, 26/30, 31/40, 41/50 | |Hilsha |Weight |Large: Above one particular kg, Medium: 800gm to 1000 general motors, Small: Less than 800 gm | | |Location |Catching from water, Catching from sea | Source: Discipline survey, 2010. 4. 13 Storage The storage features help buyers and sellers to reduce the wide fluctuation of prices among peak and lean seasons. The safe-keeping function can be primarily focused on making goods available at the required time and permits traders to get better prices for their goods. Because of high perishability, fish requires really specialized storage area facilities coordinating the periodic demand.

Only the processing crops in the prawn industry make use of proper storage area systems for export for the world industry. Other intermediaries use only glaciers to transport these people own in from one location to another. Remarkably, no chilled vans are being used in Bangladesh to transport seafood. Live pangas is moved from one location to another using water inside the plastic drums. If the distance is very long, water can now be changed two or three times depending on the range. Though most intermediaries work with ice during marketing, all their use of ice cubes in seafood is not really scientific that quality of fish gets affected. While retail offering, some make use of ice plus some do not. some. 14 Transport

Transportation is a basic function of making products available at correct place and it creates place utility. Perishable goods should be moved at the earliest possible time from the producing centre Determine 1 . Mode of transfer used by maqui berry farmers and intermediaries for activity of key carps, pangas and tilapia Source: Field survey, 2010. Figure 2 . Mode of transport used by farmers and intermediaries intended for movement of shrimp Origin: Field review, 2010. to the consumer middle. So transport is essential intended for highly perishable commodities like fish. Sufficient and successful transportation is a cornerstone for the modern advertising system (Kohls and Uhl, 2005, g. 319).

Inside the study areas, the fish farmers and intermediaries make use of various ways of transfers such as vehicle, rickshaw, truck, passenger shuttle bus, pickup, Nasimon (locally produced pick-up type van for carrying passengers and goods), mind load and many others, to copy product from your producing areas to the intake centre. Numbers 1, 2 and three or more show distinct modes of transport employed by the intermediaries to transport use one destination to another. 5. 15 Auto financing The financing function may be the advancing of money by anyone to carry on the business enterprise. For powerful operation, financing is of essential importance in the whole marketing approach to fish. The original source of fund for the value chain actors in the examine areas are shown in Tables almost eight, 9 and 10.

Stand 8 demonstrates most of the seafood farmers, aratdars, paikers and retailers of major carps, pangas and tilapia will be self-financed. Other sources of fund for farmers are financial institutions, friends and relatives, and dadon. A small portion of Aratdar’s sources of financing are banking companies and close friends and family. Paikers consider loan via banks, NGO and close friends and family members. In addition to the utilization of their own account, retailers likewise borrow from NGOs and close friends and relatives. Figure three or more. Mode of transport utilized by the farmers and intermediaries for movement of hilsha fish Resource: Field survey, 2010. Desk 8. Causes of finance of major carps, pangas and tilapia fish farmers and intermediaries Options for finance |Market participants (%) | | | |Farmer |Aratdar |Paiker |Retailer | |Own finance |86 |96 |82 |76 | |Bank |9 |3 |11 |0 | |NGO |- |0 |5 |16 | |Friend and family members |4 |1 |2 |8 | |Dadon from Aratdar |1 |0 |0 |0 | |Total |100 |100 |100 |100 | Resource: Field study, 2010.

Stand 9 demonstrates that most of the fish aratdar, bepari, paiker and retailer of hilsha are self-financed. Other sources of their finance are banks, NGOs, close friends and family members and dadon. It is worth mentioning that finance of hilsha fishermen come absolutely from aratdar/mahajon (who supplies dadan). This dadon from the aratdars /mohajans makes anglers very weak as it is tied up with conditions. Anglers receiving dadon from aratdars/mohajans are bound to sell their produce to them, occasionally at established prices which most cases happen to be lower than the prevailing industry prices. In addition, they also deprive the fishers while analyzing the create. About one-fourth of the LC paikers organization is operate by bank loans. Table being unfaithful.

Sources of financial of hilsha fish maqui berry farmers and intermediaries |Sources of finance |Market participants (%) | | |Fishermen |Aratdar |Bepari |Paiker |LC Paiker |Retailer | |Own account |3 |90 |95 |80 |74 |99 | |Bank |0 |9 |5 |10 |24 |0 | |NGO |0 |0 | |0 |2 |1 | |Friend and family members |0 |1 | |0 | | | |Dadon from Aratdar |97 | | |10 | | | |Total |100 |100 | | |100 |100 | Supply: Field review, 2010. Desk 10 demonstrates in the case of shrimp, most of the farmers, aratdar, bepari and stores are self-financed. Depot owners use a mixture of own cash, bank loans, NGO and aratdars for prawn marketing. Just 20% of depot owners procure loans from banking companies while 5% and 3% received from NGOs and dadon providing aratdars correspondingly. However , a majority of depot owners use their own fund intended for the business. 34% of the paikers take dadon Table 15.

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