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[i]A quick Survey of the Languages with the Neelam Area Khawaja A. Rehman[1] The Neelam Pit, formerly generally known as Drawa, is situated at an arête of 4000 to 7500 feet. However , the huge batch peaks around the valley selection up to seventeen, 000 foot.
The total entire valley is all about 150 miles and in line with the census of 1998 the people was one hundred twenty, 661 with 84 independent villages (online census report). In june 2006, it was given the position of a specific and have been known ever since then as Section Neelam with two tehsils: Sharda and Athmuqam.
Recently, it was subdivision of Muzaffarabad District using its headquarters at Athmuqam. Ahead of partition in 1947, the tehsil head office of the area was Titwal, now beneath Indian control, the area was known as Drawa and the riv flowing through the valley was called Kishan Ganga (Stein: 1900). The river following partition has become changed to Neelam and the term of the place to Neelam Valley. The phrase Neelam comes from the name of a community on the correct bank in the river regarding 12 miles upstream by Athmuqam.
Furthermore, there are also two other little villages known as Neelam in the area. The water Neelam originates from Indian given Kashmir and enters Pakistani administered Kashmir, known as Azad Kashmir, at Taubutt. Over and above this point it truly is still called Kishan Chollo. The population lives on both sides with the Neelam or Kishan Ganga River. Some villages on the left bank in the Neelam pit fall under American indian control This kind of region continues to be a relatively uncharted territory on the linguistic map.
The Linguistic Survey of India (edited by Grierson in the early on 20th century) does not consist of substantive information on the different languages of the area, and nor does 1 find much information about the location in the most recent literature (Schmidt: 1981, 2002, Koul: 2005, Hook and Koul: 2002, Radloff: 99, Grimes: 2150, O’Leary: 1992). The fact the fact that Line of Control runs through the valley is one obvious explanation as to why the spot is rarely accessible to researchers presently.
However , just before partition the spot was inaccessible due to nonexistence of road link In this paper, We present a brief overview of the chinese language varieties used in the Neelam Valley based upon recent study as well as my own experience being a resident with the area. These types of varieties include forms of different languages that are voiced widely elsewhere, such as Hindko, Gojri, Shina (Guresi and Chilasi), Kashmiri, and even Pashto, but as well the rather distinct terminology of the village of Kundal Shahi, located near the Neelam district head office, Athmuqam (Rehman , Baart 2005)..
Hindko. The Hindko language spoken in the Neelam Valley is often known as Parmi, by the residential areas other than the Kashmiries and PArim by Kashmiries and frequently Hindko or Pahari as well. The word En or PArim’ is derived from the Kashmiri term ApArim ‘from the other side’ Traditionally speaking the Hindko speaking communities lived in the highlands of the Kashmir Valley and these highlanders were reported by the Kashmiries as apArim.. Afterwards the utilization of this term would have recently been extended for their language too.
The word ‘pArim’ for Hindko is also employed in Indian implemented Kashmir because the expression I found in a Kashmiri comedy noted in Srinagar. The use of Hindko has never been written about before in a part of Kashmir. In classic linguistic literature the Hindko language used in Kashmir is referred to as Pahari In 2005, I registered a word list, used within the Sociolinguistic Study of Upper Pakistan, coming from eight different locations inside the Neelam valley. I examined the word list in effort with Doctor
Joan Baart, who has been working on the languages of Northern Pakistan for the last 13 years. The analysis from the word list showed the variety voiced in the Neelam valley was closer to all of the the Kaghan Valley than that of the Murree Hillsides. In classic literature, the chinese language spoken inside the Murree Slopes is classified as Pahari and that of spoken inside the Kaghan Pit as Hindko. The conclusion was also verified in relaxed discussions while using Hindko speakers as well as the Hindko speakers in the Kaghan Pit and Mansehra.
This demonstrates that the North dialect of Hindko is likewise spoken in Azad Kashmir and my own hypothesis is that same range is also used on the other side of Line of control. There are many villages in Of india administered Kashmir along the type of control, far away of simply few back yards from the neighborhoods of Azad Kashmir. The queue of Control actually divides some villages in the Neelam Valley. Linguistically speaking, it may be interesting to look into the talk differences that contain evolved during the last 58 years among nearby villages lying down on possibly side in the Line of control.
It is really worth distinguishing two populations of native Hindko speakers in the Neelam Pit: ethnic Hindko speakers as well as the Hindko audio speakers of additional ethnicities. Based on the oral histories Hindko audio speakers came from Mansehra and the Kaghan Valley, which usually parallels the Neelam Valley where as the nonethnic Hindko speakers originated from either the Valley of Kashmir or other parts of South Asia. In spite of the very fact that most in the groups originally speaking languages other than Hindko have shifted to Hindko, they retain a strong ethnic consciousness, determining along cultural rather than linguistic lines
All of the Hindko voiced in the Neelam valley very interestingly maintains, unlike various other varieties of Hindko, Pahari and Punjabi, this Indo-Aryan voiced aspirated halts /bh/, /dh/, /Dh/, /gh/, in the primary positions. On the other hand my present research implies that a switch is going on very swiftly. The reason being that the frequent connection with the Hindko speakers of other different types of Hindko, Punjabi and Pahari speakers, is known as a major source of this change. The shift is quite obvious along the roadside and in main towns, where the influx with the outsiders is extremely frequent.
The pay outs away from the primary road and additional up stream from Dudnial, show good retention with this feature. The influence of the Punjabi isn’t just restricted to the Phonology but also by syntax level. The dative and accusative marker kUo f classic Hindko is being replaced by nuu of Punjabi. Hindko is the main language with the Neelam Area. It is the key lingua franca. Speakers of other different languages are usually proficient in Hindko besides some ladies in a few Kashmiri and Shina speaking villages.
It is also impeding upon the languages of smaller teams. Virtually all users of the other terminology communities happen to be bilingual in Hindko. A procedure of vocabulary shift to Hindko is going on in many of these areas. In some of the communities this technique started relatively recently, although in other folks it has been occurring much longer.. Kashmiri Kashmiri is a second major language with the area. it really is spoken by the ethnic Kashmiries. However a large number of kashmiries possess switched to Hindko within the last two hundreds of years.
The villages where Kasmiri is voiced exclusively as being a mother tongue contain: Halmat, Sardari, ShunDdas, Tehjian, Malik Seri and Khawaja Seri. Amongst these the previous three are adjacent to the other person at the range of about 193 kilometers coming from Muzaffarabad, london of Azad Kashmir. Of course, if we move further in the stream we come face to face with Nekro, where majority will be Kashmiri native language speakers by families of Shina speakers. The village Nekro is next to Karimabad, earlier known as Sutti, where Guresi Shina can be spoken as being a mother tongue.
The residents of the villages are less proficient in Hindko than other Kashmiri speakers from the region. They usually prefer to make use of Urdu with all the Hindko audio speakers. The latter two villages Malik Seri and Khawaja Seri are next to each other and normally called Khawaja Seri but the income department in the state lists them individually. These villages are round 130 kms from Muzaffarabad. Tehjian, one more Kashmiri speaking village, is approximately seven kms further down stream via Khawaja Seri Almost all people of these villages are bilingual in Hindko.
Apart from these there are some half a dozen other villages where Kashmiri is the language of bulk group. The range of Kashmiri used in the Neelam Valley can be closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir especially regarding the Kupwara District, of Indian given Kashmir instead of that of Muzaffarabad city. Even though the Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is intelligible to the Kashmiries of the Neelam Valley, they will understand the various Srinagar better than that of Muzaffarabad. The Kashmiri spoken inside the Neelam Area has maintained some archaic features.
For instance , Nealam Valey Kashmiri features daram maj ‘woman’ and daram boi ‘friend’, that happen to be hardly found in other different types of Kashmiri. The word daram may perhaps be derived from the Sanskrit phrase dharma. In addition, my analysis reveals the fact that Neelam Pit dialect of Kashmiri maintains the third person plural subject matter agreement endsilbe “ukh even more consistently than any other dialects.. Loudspeakers of the Srinagar dialect agree to this consumption, but it is usually not in common use, recommending that it is a great archaism. Additionally, it shares the retroflex argument /R/ while using variety of Kupwara, which is a great alveolar flap in the number of Srinagar.
A historically very important town located five kms upstream from Khawaja Seri and Malik Seri, known as Shardi or perhaps Sharda, is headquarters in the tehsil of the identical name.. A marvelous Hindu/ Buddhist brow is still position and damages of a wonderful civilization continue to be visible. The area had been a seat of learning for years and it is very likely that the Sharda Script developed to write the languages with the region. The script was developed some 1200years back and was popular for most parts of the South Asia and was named after Sharda (Deamb: online).
No considerable research has been carried out until now in Sharda. It is very very much likely which the script would have been designed in Sharda as this kind of place was a very famous seat of learning (Stein: 1900) Ahead of partition the spot was visited by the Hindus from various areas of India and was esteemed sacred. Kundal Shahi Kundal Shahi can be described as village that is certainly located in the Neelam pit 74 miles upstream via Muzaffarabad, the capital city of Azad Kashmir, and seven kilometers from the section headquarters ‘Athmuqam’. The Kundal Shahi anguage is used by a great ethnic group, called Qureshi. They make in the majority of the Kundal Shahi village. There are several other tribes, but they tend not to speak it as their mother tongue (Rehman and Baart 2005). The people claim to have migrated from a town called Tajjar, presently in the Indian part of Kashmir some three centuries back. No different variety of the language is known. A primary publication within the language, ‘A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir’ appeared in March 2006 (Rehman ,. Baart 2005) The tribe comprises roughly 1, 500 to 2, 000 people(ibid).
In recent years a process of dialect shift has been taking place to Hindko. Virtually all members of the community happen to be bilingual in Hindko and are also very quickly shifting to Hindko. Gojri Third greatest ethnic group in Neelam valley is Gojars. Essentially there are two sorts of Gojars: settled Gojars and nomads or Bakarwals. Settled Gojars Local folktales indicate the settled Gojars are the first settlers of Neelam pit. They are considered to have migrated to the Neelam Valley to look for summer pastures for their goats and sheep and gradually settled straight down permanently.
These types of Gojars no more raise lamb and goats on a mass. Their neighborhoods, Marnat, Kharigam, Kuttan and Ashkot, will be scattered all around the Neelam pit. The interesting thing about these Gojars is usually that the majority have got abandoned their particular mother tongue and adopted Hindko. However , you can still find a few settlements among the Gojars who speak their native language at least at home. The settled Gojars hardly make use of Gojri in bazaars and also other public locations in front of speakers of different languages. The Bakarwals The Bakerwals ‘goatherds’ are individuals Gojars who have still increase goats and sheep.
They may be not permanent residents from the Neelam Pit, but come during the summer season with their animals, especially goats, sheep and mules (for carrying load). They go to high pastures for the summer and sometimes even go the North Areas as well as the Kaghan Pit. These people generally go to the Punjab plains and lower parts of Azad Kashmir during the winters. They use the Gojri dialect in their daily communication and show a strong tendency for terminology maintenance, minimizing the possibility of. Vocabulary shift amongst these people for the short term.
The total populace of these nomadic Gojars can be not available. However , according to the crude estimate with the Wildlife Division of Azad Kashmir, the summertime of june 2006 saw a total of one hundred and fifty, 000 goats and lamb traveling in to the Neelam Pit (personal connection with Manzoor a local official) Shina Although the Gojars are definitely the third largest ethnic group in the Neelam Valley, third largest language spoken is Shina. Although Shina is only spoken in three villages, there are two clearly different varieties of Shina, Guresi Shina and Chilasi Shina. Guresi Shina
Guresi shina is definitely spoken in Taubutt, the past village in the Neelam pit and its surrounding village: Karimabad (Sutti) Taubutt is about 215 kilometers from Muzaffarabad. Equally villages are on the right financial institution of the river Neelam. The chinese language is nearby known as ShiNa and some moments Dardi. Total population of such two neighborhoods was 1332 in 1998 and majority included in this are Solitary by group. Most of the Shina speakers in the area happen to be bilingual in Kashmiri. They use Kashmiri with the neighboring Kashmiries. They have also borrowed various Kashmiri words and phrases. Their Hindko intelligibility is very poor and with Hindko speakers they often use Urdu.
Moreover, they don’t consider themselves arranged in any way together with the Shina loudspeakers of Phulwei. On the other hand they are really culturally nearer to the Kashmiri speakers of Halmat and Sardari and associate themselves with these individuals rather than Phulweites. There are intermarriages between the neighboring Kashmiri residential areas and there is not any record of intermarrying together with the Shina speakers of Phulwei. According to my informants the shared intelligibility with all the people of Phulwei is very poor and their language is unique in vocabulary and pronunciation.
They claims to have relatives on the other side with the line of control and also claim that their range is similar to wide selection spoken inside the Gures pit of Indian part of Kashmir. However when I actually compared several words together with the Guresi Shina collected on the reverse side (Schimdt: 2000) I found almost all of the words pretty many These Shina speakers also claim that they can communicate very easily with the persons from Qamri ” a town in the northern areas ” without any difficulty and the variety is fairly closer to theirs. Chilasi Shina
Phulwei a large village numerous sub towns, locally called Mozas, are at the distance of 180 kms from Muzaffarabad Total population of the town was relating to 98 census 2912. My current research demonstrates that the in the beginning, about some two generations back, the first group of these shin speakers satisfied at ‘Pain Seri (meaning lower plain). This group included 4 brothers who migrated by Nait, a town in Chilas, owing to some family feud. Most the people claims to belong to single tribe, have assumed neighborhood titles.
Teams living in this village contain: Kachray, Nasray, Butt, Sheikh and Rajput etc . Many belong to Kachray and both equally Kachray and Nasray claims to belong to Single clan. It is very interesting that in Taubutt and Karimabad the same group is in majority. Grierson (1915) claims by utilizing secondary information, that in Nait, Chilas some people speak Guresi Shina. However nor any exploration (Schimdt: 2002, Carla: 1992, 1999) reviews such kind of variety as well as the variety voiced by the persons of Phulwei also negates the declaration of Grierson. My respondents belonged to almost all groups and all claimed to have come from Nait.
Their common intelligibility with those of from Nait is far better than the shins of Taubutt and Sutti/ Karimabad. They have their close relationships in Chilas and frequently travel to Chilas. However for the last eight years the intermarrying with these people has been terminated. This kind of boycott is because of feud, which in turn claimed various lives on both side some nine years back. Those in the Neelam Valley are normally very calm but the persons of Phulwei are known for all their feuds and fights everywhere over the region. They will themselves likewise admit the simple fact.
One of my own informants explained that there are incredibly frequent murders and narrated that his grand daddy had committed seven murders, his daddy three and his son wiped out a man. In your area these people happen to be known as Dards and they themselves call the Hindko audio system Gojars inspite of their cultural group. They have no record of intermarrying with the persons of Karimabad/ Sutti or Taubutt. On the other hand there are some instances of their intermarrying with the local Hindko Audio speakers. According to them the Shina or Dardi used in Taubutt and Karimabad is certainly not standard range and consider it since kachi ‘half-baked’
In the village there are few Hindko speaking households but they are bilingual in Shina Pashto Dhaki and Changnar happen to be two neighborhoods of Neelam valley, where Pashto is definitely the mother tongue of all residents. The speakers in the language make reference to their terminology as Pukhto/Pakhto. The population of these two villages, according to1998 census, was 1087 with 170 people. The people declare that some two centuries backside their ancestors and forefathers migrated from Swat, a region in Northern Pakistan, and settled in Dhaki and few others, among these types of, settled in Kashmir valley as well.
The main reason, according to the oral history for choosing the place, was its good and rich environment for raising livestock. Dhaki are at about two hours going for walks distance from the left traditional bank of the riv Neelam and later some, among these, shifted to another nearby village Changnar. Both towns are suitable the Line of Control, separating Indian a part of Kashmir from that of Azad Kashmir. Nearly all male users of the group are bilingual in Hindko. A number of the females from the crew can appreciate Hindko although most of them are generally not bilingual in Hindko.
This is because the men possess very regular contact with the Hindko speaking population while the women are much less likely to travel and leisure outside these kinds of villages and possess no Hindko speaking community nearby. Over the last fifteen years cross line firing between your Indo-Pak troops has induced large scale immigration from these kinds of villages which migration has led to the language damage at large size. It will be very interesting to record the degree of this loss The Pashto voiced by the human population is quite unlike other kinds of Pashto which is a vernacular on its own proper.
These Pashto speakers may communicate with the Pashto speakers from outside the house but they aren’t understand these people fully. My current exploration shows that they may have assimilated many Hindko terms into their Pashto, and also have stored some gothic words of Pashto, which are no longer used by the various other Pashto audio speakers in Pakistan.. No linguistic literature provides mentioned the existence of Pashto in any part of Kashmir (Grierson 1921, Hallberg 1992, Personal interaction with Hook and Koul. To my own Knowledge this is only settlement in both regions of Kashmir who have speaks Pashto.
In the Neelam Valley, besides these Pashto speakers, there are a few other teams who claims to be cultural Pathans, but they have apparently moved to Hindko long time back. Locally these kinds of groups continue to be known as Pathans and they also pertain themselves as Pathan. Present Member of legislature and minister in the cupboard of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, through the District Neelam, also is one of the same group.. Conclusion: Besides these neighborhood languages Urdu and British are also used. These types of languages happen to be medium of instruction.
Not any indigenous terminology is trained in colleges. No normal orthography exists for these neighborhood languages. Yet , Some Kashmiri literatures, specifically poetry books, published before partition, are obtainable at some houses. Lots of borrowings from Urdu and English are apparent in these community languages. This really is a preliminary summary of the dialects of the Neelam Valley. The purpose of this analyze is to present this linguistically rich yet undiscovered location to the exterior world and invite college students to carry out linguistic research in the area.
And also generate awareness about the different languages loss among the speakers of those languages Referrals: Barbara N. Grimes, Education, 2000 fourteenth edition) Ethnologue, volume1, Languages of the world, SIL International, Dallas, Texas, USA. (http://www. ethnologue. com/web. asp) Deambi, N. K. Kaul. The Sharada Script: Origins and Expansion. in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh linguistic predicament Eds. P. In. Pushp and K. Warikoo: Himalayan Analysis and Ethnical Foundation Har-Anand Publications on the net: http://www. koshur. org/Linguistic/3. html Federal bureaue of sensus online: http://www. isepak. com/Forms/VillageListMUZAFFARABAD. pdf. Grierson, George. 1915. Linguistic survey of India, volume almost 8, part two, 150-190. Calcutta Hallberg, Daniel G. and Calinda Electronic. Hallberg. 99. Indus Kohistani preliminary phonological and Morphological analysis. Islamabad: National Commence of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Hook Edwin Peter , Omkar In. Koul. 2002. Eds. Koul N Omkar , Wali Kashi Subject areas in Kashmiri linguistics, L: 130- 143, Creative literature New Delhi Joan T. G. Baart. 2003. Pakistaner languages and society: Complications and Leads.
NIPS and SIL, education. with Ghulam Hyder Sindhi Koul, D Omkar, 2004, Kashmiri: A Grammatical Drawing In The Indo-Aryan Languages. Eds. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, Rutledge, London Community revenue section. The cesus report 1998. O’ Leary, Clear. (ed). 1992. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. 5 Volumes. Islamabad: Nationwide Institute of Pakistan Research and Summer season Institute of Linguistics Radloff, Carla F. 1999. Areas of the Sound System of Gilgit Shina. Islamabad: Countrywide Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer time Institute of Linguistics Rehman, Khawaja.
A , Mary Baart (2005) A First Consider the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir, SILewps, 2005-2008, Based in dallas, Texas, USA. http://www. sil. org/silewp/abstract. or net? ref=2005-008. Rehman, Khawaja. A. 2005. Ergativity in Kundal Shahi, Kashmiri and Hindko: A paper presented in 11th Himalayan Languages seminar, 6-9Dec 2005, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Rehman, Khawaja. A. 06\. Hindko: A Grammatical Design (Forth coming) Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2002. A grammatical comparison of Shina dialects in Himalayan Dialects past and present, thirty-three: 55 Impotence, Anju Saxena.
Mouton sobre gruyter, Bremen Stein, M. A. 1999. KalahaNa, s i9000 Rajatarangni. A chorological of Kings of Kashmir. Trans. Mirpur: Verinag Publishers. Originally published: Greater london: constable, early 1900s , , , , , , , , [1] The author is a PhD candidate at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan , , , , , , , , [i] Daily news was shown at the nineteenth European Seminar on Contemporary South Oriental Studies, Panel 31: ‘Linguistics in Lesser-known languages in South Asia’, 27-30 Summer 2006, Leiden, The Netherlands. http://213. 207. 98. 217/index. php? q=node/56
