Physical Geology Remarks Essay
Enduring: Chemical alteration and mechanised breakdown of rock and sediment.
* as distance of formation from surface rises, so does susceptibility to enduring
* physical weathering: The physical breakup of rocks.
* chemical substance weathering: The decomposition of rocks and minerals brought on by stability-increasing reactions.
-rate of weathering positively linked to presence or a shortage of high mountains, and thus to plate tectonics
Physical Weathering-Mechanical Processes (water, fire, roots)
* development of joints- mountain moved up after erosion, causes bone injuries
* crystal growth- debris precipitated by seeping groundwater
* ice wedging- frosty seeping water
* effects of heat- rubble dont carry out, spall (outer shell) fractures away
2. plant roots- seeds germinate in cracks
Chemical Weathering-Chemical Reactions (stabilize to area temp)
* carbonic acid- rain + CO2 makes carbonic acid solution, frees H+ (comp. chg.
)
* hydrolysis- water ions substitute mineral ions
-decomposed potassium feldspar, kaolinite replaced
* leaching- normal water removes soluble materials from bedrock/regolith
2. oxidation- post-weathering iron discharge, goethite prod w/ hydration (O)
-intensity of color tells time/severity of enduring
* dissolution- carbonic chemical p dissolves calcite (previously unsoluble)
* common rocks- granites high silica hydrolysis=* clays soluble min.
-basalt oxidizes, limestone dissolves
* conc of stable minerals- immune to attack, @ streambeds/beaches b/c spec. rende. (cw)
2. weathering rinds- light coloured rind encircling a darker core of rock
-composed of stable byproduct of chemical weathering
* exfoliation- spalling from outer mountain shells due to stress during weathering
2. spheroidal weathering- rock propensity to be rounded by weathering
-weathering most reliable w/ *surface area, subdivision
* rock type/structure- minerals: quarts granite resistant
-differential weathering based upon composition composition
* slope- steep =* rapid, gradual =* sluggish
* climate- moisture and heat encourage reactions (chem. react. prev.
snabel-a =* frequency. )
-carbonate rocks (calcite diss. ) in different areas
* time- hundreds/thousands years for a few millimeter
Soils: Fault the regolith that can support rooted vegetation. Formed by weathering of bedrock: vitamin component mixed with organic materials.
* ground horizons: well-known succession of subhorizontal weathered zones
* distinct physical, chemical, and biological features
* each known as dirt profile (parent material =* surface)
* E- gray/white, present in evergreen forests (acidic soil)
2. B- rampacked in clay-based produced by enduring within the distance
* K- only in arid zones (rich in calcium carbonate)
* C- deepest, minor weathered mother or father material, is lacking in distinct houses, yel/brn oxidation process
Soil Types (influence the task, classified simply by chem/phys properties)
* polar soils- well drained, absence well-developed course, weak oxidation
-wetter envts: tundra causes water-logged, organic and natural rich garden soil, A not really B
2. temperature-latitude soils- well-developed rayon, unique to envt
-deciduous Affisols, timeless Spodosols, tremendous mountain Entisols and Inceptisols, prairie Mollisols
* desert soils- no leaching produces solid, impervious level of caliche
* tropical soils- heavy weathering, leaching produces iron-rich laterite
5. rate of soil development: dependent on climate (in regolith, not bedrock (cw)
* mod. Big t.
large R. – rapid, inside 100s years
* low. T. low. R. – millions of years
* paleosols are historic soils noted in mountain as unconformities
* roundabout effects- lake infilling at the rear of dams
2. rate of soil loss- 7% of soil misplaced each 10 years
* control over erosion- ground conserving farming practices, terracing, tree growing
* the world economy- soil is nonrenewable resource
Mass Wasting: The movement of regolith and masses of rock and roll down incline under the move of the law of gravity.
-No Carrier: Gravity is definitely the primary pressure for mass movement. Needs slope.
-perpendicular component of gravity (perpendicular to inclined surface)
-tangential component of gravity (parallel to inclined surface)
5. shear power: internal resistance from movement
-particle cohesion and plant beginnings govern
-capillary attraction is cohesive until saturated (failure)
-landslides sama dengan down incline movement of rock and regolith.
* slope failure- sudden down slope movements of logical masses (rocks) (dry)
* sediment flows- down slope flow of mixtures (sediment, water, and air)
* slump- down/out rotational activity on bent concave up surface
-can be twelve-monthly event, linked w/ large rains or perhaps shock (earthquakes)
-rockfall- abrupt free dropping of detached bedrock coming from a sharp slope
-debris fall- associating regolith and vegetation
-rockslide- sudden movement of separate masses across bedding aircraft
-debris slide- accompanying activity across aircraft of reg. and vegetables.
* talus-body of dust beneath a cliff, decide @ position of oubli
-relative percentage of hues, water, and air
-physical and chemical substance properties with the sediment
5. slurry flows- water over loaded moving mass (soil regolith ) (20-40% water)
-debris flow- coarse * fine sand, poorly fixed, moves along alluvial supporter (m/hr)
-mudflow- highly substance, moves along valley flooring (km/hr)
* granular flows- not drinking water saturated (20%-0% water)
-creep- loose build up that maneuver = colluvium, very slow.
Chapter Several
Weathering: Chemical alteration and mechanical breakdown of rock and sediment.
* depth of air/water penetration
* as distance of creation from area rises, and so does susceptibility to enduring
* physical weathering: The physical separation of rubble.
* chemical substance weathering: The decomposition of rocks and minerals due to stability-increasing chemical reactions.
-rate of weathering efficiently linked to presence or lack of high mountain range, and thus to plate tectonics
Physical Weathering-Mechanical Processes (water, fire, roots)
* advancement joints- mountain moved upwards after chafing, causes cracks
-columnar joint parts in igneous rock
5. crystal growth- salts brought on from seeping groundwater
2. frost wedging- frozen seeping water
* effects of heat- rocks don’t conduct, spall (outer shell) breaks away
* plant roots- seeds germinate in cracks
Chemical substance Weathering-Chemical Reactions (stabilize to surface temp)
* carbonic acid- rainfall + LASER makes carbonic acid, slides open H+ (comp. chg.
)
* hydrolysis- water ions replace vitamin ions
-decomposed potassium feldspar, kaolinite substituted
* leaching- water gets rid of soluble elements from bedrock/regolith
-seeps into water, poor taste
5. oxidation- post-weathering iron discharge, goethite push w/ hydration (O)
-hematite produced w/ dehydration
-intensity of color tells time/severity of weathering
* dissolution- carbonic acid dissolves calcite (previously unsoluble)
Results of Weathering
* common rocks- granites substantial silica hydrolysis=* clays sencillo min.
-basalt oxidizes, limestone dissolves
2. conc of stable minerals- resistant to strike, @ streambeds/beaches b/c spec. grav. (cw)
* enduring rinds- mild colored rind surrounding a darker core of mountain
-composed of solid side product of chemical substance weathering
* exfoliation- spalling off of exterior rock covers caused by anxiety during enduring
* spheroidal weathering- ordinary tendency to become rounded by weathering
-weathering most effective w/ *surface area, subdivision
Factors of Weathering
* rock type/structure- mineral deposits: quarts granite resistant
-differential weathering depending on composition composition
* slope- steep =* rapid, gradual =* slower
* climate- moisture and heat showcase reactions (chem. react. prev.
snabel-a =* frequency. )
-carbonate rocks (calcite diss. ) in different regions
* time- hundreds/thousands years for a few logistik
Soils: The part of the regolith that can support rooted vegetation. Formed by weathering of bedrock: mineral component mixed with organic material.
* garden soil horizons: well-known succession of subhorizontal weathered zones
* distinct physical, chemical, and biological attributes
* collectively known as soil profile (parent material =* surface)
5. O- area organic debris
* IKKE- humus, chemical substance leaching
* E- gray/white, present in classic forests (acidic soil)
2. B- enriched in clay-based produced by enduring within the distance
* K- only in arid areas and specific zones (rich in calcium carbonate)
* C- deepest, slight weathered mother or father material, does not have distinct properties, yel/brn oxidation process
* garden soil forming elements:
* time
* climate- rain temp
* formula of father or mother material
2. vegetation cover
* garden soil organisms
5. topography
Soil Types (influence the process, labeled by chem/phys properties)
2. polar soils- well exhausted, lack well-developed horizons, weakened oxidation
-wetter envts: tundra causes water-logged, organic rich soil, A not W
* temperature-latitude soils- well-developed horizons, one of a kind to envt
-deciduous Affisols, evergreen Spodosols, mountainous Entisols and Inceptisols, prairie Mollisols
* wilderness soils- simply no leaching creates solid, impervious layer of caliche
* tropical soils- heavy enduring, leaching creates iron-rich laterite
Environmental Areas of Soils
5. rate of soil development: dependent on environment (in regolith, not bedrock (cw)
* mod. T.
large R. – rapid, within 100s years
* mod. T. avg. R. – 100, 1000 years
2. low.
T. low. R. – millions of years
* paleosols are ancient soils recorded in rock and roll as unconformities
Soil Erosion
* indirect effects- pond infilling behind dams
2. rate of soil loss- 7% of soil shed each 10 years
* control of erosion- soil conserving farming practices, terracing, tree growing
* the world economy- ground is nonrenewable resource
Phase Eight
Mass Wasting: The movement of regolith and lots more and plenty of ordinary down incline under the take of the law of gravity.
-No Carrier: Gravity is definitely the primary push for mass movement. Requires slope.
2. role of gravity
2. shear stress (as slope +, tc +)
-perpendicular component of gravity (perpendicular to inclined part
holds in place
-tangential element of gravity (parallel to willing surface)
causes to move
5. shear power: internal resistance to movement
-particle cohesion and plant roots govern
5. role of water
-capillary attraction is usually cohesive until saturated (failure)
Mass Throwing away Processes
-landslides = straight down slope movements of rock and/or regolith.
* types of mast wasting
5. slope failure- sudden down slope movement of coherent masses (rocks) (dry)
5. sediment flows- down incline flow of mixtures (sediment, water, and air)
Slope Failure
5. slump- down/out rotational movements on tilted concave up surface
-can be gross annual event, associated w/ large rains or shock (earthquakes)
* declines
-rockfall- immediate free falling of separate bedrock coming from a high slope
-debris fall- enclosed regolith and vegetation
5. slides
-rockslide- sudden.
