resettlement patterns in spanish colonialm system
The country of spain and England were the 2 superpowers who have pushed through their supreme goals to have the rest of the community. These nations around the world, with their greed for material wealth, set colonies in the Americas, The african continent and East Asia to determine their capabilities to a whole new level.
Because of a high demand for amazing spices in Europe, Italy was forced to circumnavigate the earth in search pertaining to the Piquancy Islands (Muruku Islands) with an ultimate goal that was to accumulate riches through mercantilist trade and expand the rule of Spain through the entire corners of the globe.
Because of this, Spain achieved the islands from the Philippines. The rediscovery of your country simply by Magellan on March 18, 1521, markings a new era in our record. After this breakthrough, Spain dispatched various trips for the conquest and colonization of our country, namely the Loaisa expedition (1525), the Cabot expedition (1526), the Saavedra expedition (1527), the Villalobos expedition (1542), and the Legazpi expedition (1564).
It was the Legazpi expedition which succeeded in colonizing our country and creating Spanish guideline.
The country of spain had 3 aims in colonizing our country, particularly (1) to spread Christianity, (2) material wealth, and (3) to acquire political beauty.
Under Spanish rule each of our country created religiously, economically, politically, and culturally. Our land obtained a nationwide name – Filipinas. The people came to be known as Filipinos. Towns, cities, provinces, schools, hospitals and charitable institutions were founded. New plants and pets, the Christian religion and Spanish world, and new industries had been introduced. Home and international trades with China and Japan had been fostered. Communication and travel were better.
Our nation during the The spanish language reign was obviously a crown colony of The country of spain, in the sense that this belonged to the Spanish top. From 1565 to 1821, our archipelago was governed by the Viceroy of South america in the name of the Spanish california king. All representatives, royal decrees, and soldiers for the Philippines originated from Mexico. It had been also the Mexican viceroy, not the king of Spain, who also sent the annual subsidy to Manila to cover up the annual shortage of the Philippine government. In 1821 Mexico received her independence from The country of spain, so that using this year to 1898, The country directly ruled our region.
Spain as a colonizing power was spoiled by selected defects such as (1) ineffectiveness and file corruption error in the impérialiste government, (2) abuses by friars, (3) racial discrimination against our people, (4) denial of human rights to Filipinos, and (5) inequality of Spaniards and Filipinos prior to the law.
These types of colonial flaws, however , were offset by the good things created by Spain in our country. By and large, we owe her a long-lasting debt of gratitude. She gave the majority of the people a great religion, taught us how to build more durable structures, roads, and trade facilities, introduced new crops and livestock and better strategies of farming, and brought the people in to contact with the western culture.
Settlement Habits Before and During the The spanish language Period
Through the Pre-Colonial period, the cultural unit inside the Philippine island destinations was the barangay which comes from the Malay term balangay meaning fishing boat. They were headed by a datu or the community chief. Barangays were generally small and contained thirty to 1 hundred residences and the human population varied in one hundred to five hundred folks. The largest barangay was Manila which acquired two thousands of inhabitants in the time the The spanish language conquest.
Residential areas were seaside, near-coastal and riverine in orientation. It was because the primary sources of proteins came from the seas and rivers; persons rely even more on doing some fishing than about hunting. People travelled principally by water, the activity of the populace were around rivers and along the coasts. Trails accompanied by the channels; neither roads nor any wheeled vehicles were there. It had been in the seaside communities that have been more accessible to traders in which a higher amount of development surfaced. A higher ethnical level was attained as a result of contact with dealers from China, India and Arabia.
The economy of the barangay residential areas deeply relied on culture. There was a good amount of rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp, bananas, oranges, and other fruits and vegetables. Land fostering was completed through the kaingin system or perhaps by tilling. Pigafetta, the chronicler of Magellan, noted that there was an abundant develop of the property in Cebu as well as in Palawan. Productivity was increased through irrigation ditches, as proved by the world-renowned Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao. Besides agriculture, pre-colonial Filipinos experienced other industries such as animal-raising, lumbering, weaving and gold and silver mining. The absence of a political unanimity involving all or the majority of the people of the archipelago allowed the Spanish conquistadores to impose their will around the people detail by detail even with a couple of hundreds of colonial time troops at the start. The successful voyage of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to the Korea was a predecessor to the long-term colonization with the country underneath the imperialist The country of spain.
The Philippine society, split up into many barangay units, faced the impossibility that will put up a powerful armed amount of resistance against the well-equipped and prepared conquistadores; an almost “bloodless conquest from the Philippines was then achieved. It was Legazpi who in 1565 and thereafter succeeded in hoodwinking a large number of barangay chieftains personified by Sikatuna in quelling recalcitrant barangays with the blade and in creating under the get across the initial colonial negotiations in Visayas and consequently in Luzon. The kind of society that designed in more than three decades of Spanish rule was colonial and feudal. It was a contemporary society basically ruled by the landlord class, which included the The spanish language colonial representatives, the Catholic religious requests and the neighborhood puppet chiefs.
The masses of the people were kept for the status of serfs and the freemen became dispossessed. In the vintage fashion of feudalism, the union of church and state suffused the entire colonial time structure. All colonial themes fell under friar control from birth until death. In the materials base along with the superstructure, friar control was total and most oppressive in the cities situated in huge landed locations owned by the religious requests. In the colonial time center as well as in every province, the friars exercised vast political powers. They supervised such different affairs because taxation, census, statistics, major schools, wellness, public functions and non profit organizations. They accredited the correctness of home certificates, the health of men picked for armed service service, the municipal price range, the election of municipal officials and police officers and the examination of pupils in the parochial schools.
The Encomienda and Hacienda
Encomiendas are grants or loans from the The spanish language crown to a Spaniard to exercise control of a specific place including the inhabitants. It is from the Spanish word “encomendar which literally means to entrust. Therefore, a definite range of “souls or inhabitants of your territory were entrusted for the care of an encomendero. The encomienda offer can only always be passed to the third technology and was then given back as the crown’s real estate. There were three kinds of encomiendas: (1) the royal encomiendas, belonging to the king of The country of spain, (2) the ecclesiastical encomiendas, belonging to the chapel, and (3) private encomiendas, belonging to exclusive individuals who had been rewarded for his or her services for the crown. The encomienda was an management unit with powers to collect tribute also to use the personal services with the inhabitants of their encomiendas. Inturn, the encomenderos were supposed to look after the welfare with the natives and also to give them some education.
In theory, each encomendero, in whose care a native negotiation, was trusted a threefold responsibility: (1) to protect the natives by maintaining peace and order inside the encomienda, (2) to support the missionaries inside their work of converting the people to Catholicism, and (3) to help inside the defense in the colony. In return for these solutions, the overhead authorized the encomendero to collect a tribute of ten reales or perhaps its comparable in kind from almost all 19 to 60 year old males in the encomienda. In least one-fourth of the total collection traveled to the encomendero, another portion to the friars, and the others to the federal government.
What appeared to be beneficial for the natives’ development was switched the other way around. The encomienda program was generally characterized by avarice and rudeness. The encomenderos exercised their powers to the full but for one of the most part ignored their responsibilities and treated the local people as slaves. They found the scholarhip as nothing more than an opportunity to enhance themselves and used just about every opportunity available to him, whether in the number of tributes or in the unlawful exaction of several services. Antonio de Morga writes: “They employ the indios in building residences and large ships, grinding rice, cutting wooden, and holding it all to their houses also to Manila and after that pay them little or nothing because of their labor.
Regarding the assortment of tributes, the encomenderos forced the local people to spend a higher rate of tribute; they will collected in accordance to their personal whim. The moment gold was abundant and money was scarce, that they demanded cash or reales; when the reales were plentiful and there was clearly scarcity of gold, they asked for precious metal even when poor people Filipinos were coerced to obtain them. Encomenderos sometimes grabbed the entire level of his grain from the Philippine without departing him a grain to enjoy. Many Filipinos died of starvation, especially during famine and drought due to the shortage of rice and they were forced to eat coconut and banana sets. If the Filipinos resisted, we were holding publicly fogged, tortured or perhaps jailed. The unjust assortment of tributes was one of the primary reasons for intermittent uprisings in the Israel.
Haciendas grew out of the recomendación system as well as the hacienda product is still getting used today; however , haciendas throughout the Spanish occupation era received as offers to suitable Spanish friars who will behave as land lords. It has the characteristic of your feudal program which was common in Europe during all those times. Recado and hacienda system were forms of colonial appropriation nonetheless they were hardly ever the same and one would not necessarily result in the other. The exploitative relations derive from and expand out of the control by the homeowner of the tracts of area from which the tenants obtain their sustenance. The hacendero has the correct of inheritance and free of charge disposition, two rights not covered by an encomienda give.
The exploitations of the hacenderos are more hidden than those of the encomendero through a fictional works of relationship, hence the term kasamahan to denote a partnership and the mention of the the tenant as kasama or companion. Instead of tribute-paying, the system denotes sharing in the crops when it comes to sharing of risks. The hacenderos probably will require the lion’s reveal of the seeds but in terms of the expenses pertaining to maintenance of the hacienda, the tenants should be pay more.
The Center and the Periphery of the Colonial time System
While using pacification of the Filipino local people, Spain made a nest that will supply the crown with goods for its financial gain. Italy did this kind of by fermage of the residents so as to make a product extra. With the help of the individual greed of Spanish colonial time administrators, friars, and representatives, the residents, though living in subsistence, were made worse.
Paperwork in the Thailand during the The spanish language period could possibly be divided into diverse levels of operations, from the countrywide, provincial, metropolis, municipal, and barrio amounts. On the nationwide level, using its seat of power in Manila, Intramuros, the chief of the servants general (gobernador y capitan-general) became the spokesman as well as the representative of the King of Spain towards the Philippines. Having been the commander-in-chief of the military and the navy. He was as well the vice-real patron who supervises the effort of the Catholic Church to spread the gospel of Christianity inside the colony.
His great forces were checked out by the True Audiencia (Supreme Court), the archbishop plus the civil representatives who denounced to the california king whatever violations the chief of the servants general might have committed. On the provincial level, heading the alcaldia or provincia was your alcalde mayor for the pacified pays and schisme. The corregimientos or unpacified military specific zones were went by the corregidores. Only a Spaniard can be an alcalde gran or a corregidor.
The city authorities was referred to as as the ayuntamiento and was headed by a couple of alcaldes ordinarios. On the municipal level, the gobernadorcillo went the poblado or alcaldía. A Filipino or a China mestizo may be head from the municipio; this was the highest federal government position a Filipino can attain throughout the Spanish program.
Barrio authorities rested on the cabeza sobre barangay whose main position was to always be tax and contributions extractor for the gobernadorcillo. All royal officials had the responsibility of keeping serenity and purchase. To check the abuse of power of regal officials, two Castillan institutions, the vivienda and the visita were employed. The vivienda was the legislativo review of a residenciado (one judged) carried out at the term of his office, a visita however was done by a great officer directed from The country of spain and might arise at any time in the official’s term. Residencia and visita had been supervised by juez para residencia and visitador-general correspondingly; its target is to assure faithful and efficient assistance on the part of the federal government authorities. In the event that proven doing public wrong doings, an official may be fined, terminated from business office, expelled through the colony, or perhaps imprisoned.
Yet , Filipino local people still didn’t escape the exploitation in the government representatives. The tribute collectors often abused all their offices by collecting more than law necessary and appropriating the difference. A large number of who would not pay, or perhaps could not shell out were tormented or locked up. Others fled to the mountains only to get their houses burned or looted by the Spaniards in abuse for their defiance.
In addition to the unjustified tribute, males between the age of sixteen and sixty were required to serve for 40 days every year in the labor pool or polo, a type of forced labor. The polistas were almost never paid and death lurked to all of them and their households. Still another exploitative device was your bandala that was a kind of gross annual quota intended for the compulsory sale of rice, hemp and also other farm goods to the federal government usually devoid of payment and seldom paid out at really low prices.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. Great the Filipino People. Eighth edition, Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 1990.
Constantino, Renato. The Israel: A Earlier Revisited. Manila, 1975.
The Philippine History & Government. Mobcco. Circa 1970s
Riple, Simoun. Philippine Culture and Wave. 1970`
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